Most common causes of neurological pathologies

Neurological pathologies are disorders that affect the nervous system, which is made up of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. This system is essential for the proper functioning of the entire body, as it is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the different parts of the body. When something disrupts this process, various neurological conditions can arise that affect both motor and cognitive functions. The following are the main causes of the most common neurological pathologies:

Stroke, also known as a stroke, occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, either by a clot (ischemic stroke) or by bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). This disruption deprives brain cells of oxygen, which can cause irreversible damage to brain function. Depending on the affected area, symptoms may include paralysis, slurred speech, vision loss, or cognitive problems.

Physiotherapy treatment is essential in neurological rehabilitation, since through specific exercises and manual therapy, it is possible to improve the mobility, strength and cognitive abilities of patients.

Head trauma or blows to the head, due to accidents, falls or direct blows, can damage the brain and nerve structures. Traumatic brain injuries can cause varied neurological effects, ranging from memory loss, balance problems, to partial or total paralysis, depending on the severity of the injury.

Neurological physiotherapy plays a key role in post-traumatic recovery, helping to restore motor function, improve balance and coordination, and reduce the side effects of trauma.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks myelin, a substance that coats nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This disrupts the transmission of nerve signals, leading to a range of neurological symptoms, including muscle weakness, vision problems, difficulty coordinating movements, and alterations in sensation.

Physiotherapy treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis focuses on improving mobility and muscle strength through personalised therapeutic exercises, as well as functional rehabilitation, to optimise motor skills and independence in daily activities.

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressively affect the nerve cells responsible for controlling movement. These pathologies cause the death of motor neurons, leading to the loss of essential motor functions, such as mobility, balance, and coordination.

At Fisitania Physiotherapy, we apply a comprehensive approach to treat these diseases through therapeutic exercise, manual therapy and advanced technologies, which help slow down functional deterioration and improve the quality of life of patients.

Spinal cord injuries, caused by trauma or disease, affect the spinal cord, disrupting nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body. These injuries can result in total or partial paralysis in the limbs, as well as alterations in the function of the internal organs.

Physiotherapy treatment is essential in the post-surgical rehabilitation and functional recovery of these patients, helping to restore movement, strength and independence. Neurological rehabilitation techniques allow patients to regain basic functions, improve posture and prevent secondary complications.

Peripheral neuropathies are conditions that affect nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These conditions can be caused by diabetes, infections, autoimmune disorders, or hereditary factors. Common symptoms include pain, weakness, tingling, and loss of sensation in the extremities.

Physiotherapy treatment in peripheral neuropathies is based on sensory rehabilitation techniques, therapeutic exercise to maintain muscle strength, and manual therapy techniques to relieve pain and muscle stiffness.

Infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) can have a significant impact on neurological functions. These infections often cause severe symptoms, such as severe headache, fever, loss of consciousness, and long-term neurological problems.

In cases of post-infectious recovery, neurological physical therapy helps restore lost functions and reduce side effects, such as muscle weakness or coordination problems.

Inherited neurological diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy or muscular dystrophy, are caused by genetic mutations that affect the nervous system. Environmental factors, such as exposure to toxic substances or chronic stress, can also contribute to the development of certain neurological conditions.

• Head injuries and spinal cord injuries
• Central nervous system infections (meningitis, encephalitis)
• Exposure to neurotoxic toxins
• Autoimmune disorders
• Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12 deficiency)

It is important to note that in many cases, a specific cause for certain neurological pathologies cannot be identified. Research continues to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and develop more effective treatments.

Neurological physiotherapy plays a crucial role in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with neurological pathologies. Its main objective is to improve the quality of life of patients, working on the specific symptoms of each condition and promoting the maximum possible functional independence.

Some of the techniques used in neurological physical therapy include:

• Motor control exercises and gait re-education
• Neurorehabilitation therapies such as the Bobath method or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
• Balance and coordination training
• Spasticity Management and Contracture Prevention
• Sensory and proprioceptive stimulation

Early intervention and continuity of treatment are essential to maximize functional recovery in patients with neurological pathologies.

At Fisitania Physiotherapy, we understand that each patient is unique and that neurological pathologies require an individualised approach. Our team of specialized physical therapists is dedicated to designing personalized treatment programs that are tailored to your specific needs and goals.

We use a combination of cutting-edge techniques and a patient-centered approach to help you:

• Improve your mobility and balance

• Regaining muscle strength and control

• Reduce pain and spasticity

• Increase your functional independence

• Improve your quality of life

Our physical therapists are committed to your well-being and will be with you every step of the way on your road to recovery. Contact us today to schedule an evaluation and find out how Physical Therapy can help you reach your full neurological potential.